The most modern reference to this quote is used in H.G. Wells’ short story first printed in the April 1904 issue of The Strand Magazine. However, it seems Wells has lifted the genuine quotation from the Adages of Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam published in 1500: “Inter caecos regnat strabus.” In more modern Latin, that might be “In terra caecorum monoculus rex,” still understandable to Roman citizens. The quotation predates Erasmus. It may have first appeared in the 15th-century Greek Paromiae of Michael Apostolius, although I cannot seem to locate it in the original Greek.

My point being? This example serves to show the arrogance of royalists, thinking a 600-year old quotation, in Greek and Latin, has anything whatsoever to do with our King, or Thailand!

However, “country of the blind” sort of fits. Read the story for yourself—it’s delightful.]

Three hundred miles and more from Chimborazo, one hundred from the snows of Cotopaxi, in the wildest wastes of Ecuador’s Andes, there lies that mysterious mountain valley, cut off from all the world of men, the Country of the Blind. Long years ago that valley lay so far open to the world that men might come at last through frightful gorges and over an icy pass into its equable meadows, and thither indeed men came, a family or so of Peruvian half-breeds fleeing from the lust and tyranny of an evil Spanish ruler. Then came the stupendous outbreak of Mindobamba, when it was night in Quito for seventeen days, and the water was boiling at Yaguachi and all the fish floating dying even as far as Guayaquil; everywhere along the Pacific slopes there were land-slips and swift thawings and sudden floods, and one whole side of the old Arauca crest slipped and came down in thunder, and cut off the Country of the Blind for ever from the exploring feet of men. But one of these early settlers had chanced to be on the hither side of the gorges when the world had so terribly shaken itself, and he perforce had to forget his wife and his child and all the friends and possessions he had left up there, and start life over again in the lower world. He started it again but ill, blindness overtook him, and he died of punishment in the mines; but the story he told begot a legend that lingers along the length of the Cordilleras of the Andes to this day.

He told of his reason for venturing back from that fastness, into which he had first been carried lashed to a llama, beside a vast bale of gear, when he was a child. The valley, he said, had in it all that the heart of man could desire–sweet water, pasture, an even climate, slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent fruit, and on one side great hanging forests of pine that held the avalanches high. Far overhead, on three sides, vast cliffs of grey-green rock were capped by cliffs of ice; but the glacier stream came not to them, but flowed away by the farther slopes, and only now and then huge ice masses fell on the valley side. In this valley it neither rained nor snowed, but the abundant springs gave a rich green pasture, that irrigation would spread over all the valley space. The settlers did well indeed there. Their beasts did well and multiplied, and but one thing marred their happiness. Yet it was enough to mar it greatly. A strange disease had come upon them and had made all the children born to them there–and, indeed, several older children also–blind. It was to seek some charm or antidote against this plague of blindness that he had with fatigue and danger and difficulty returned down the gorge. In those days, in such cases, men did not think of germs and infections, but of sins, and it seemed to him that the reason of this affliction must he in the negligence of these priestless immigrants to set up a shrine so soon as they entered the valley. He wanted a shrine–a handsome, cheap, effectual shrine–to be erected in the valley; he wanted relics and such-like potent things of faith, blessed objects and mysterious medals and prayers. In his wallet he had a bar of native silver for which he would not account; he insisted there was none in the valley with something of the insistence of an inexpert liar. They had all clubbed their money and ornaments together, having little need for such treasure up there, he said, to buy them holy help against their ill. I figure this dim-eyed young mountaineer, sunburnt, gaunt, and anxious, hat brim clutched feverishly, a man all unused to the ways of the lower world, telling this story to some keen-eyed, attentive priest before the great convulsion; I can picture him presently seeking to return with pious and infallible remedies against that trouble, and the infinite dismay with which he must have faced the tumbled vastness where the gorge had once come out. But the rest of his story of mischances is lost to me, save that I know of his evil death after several years. Poor stray from that remoteness! The stream that had once made the gorge now bursts from the mouth of a rocky cave, and the legend his poor, ill-told story set going developed into the legend of a race of blind men somewhere “over there” one may still hear to-day.

And amidst the little population of that now isolated and forgotten valley the disease ran its course. The old became groping, the young saw but dimly, and the children that were born to them never saw at all. But life was very easy in that snow-rimmed basin, lost to all the world, with neither thorns nor briers, with no evil insects nor any beasts save the gentle breed of llamas they had lugged and thrust and followed up the beds of the shrunken rivers in the gorges up which they had come. The seeing had become purblind so gradually that they scarcely noticed their loss. They guided the sightless youngsters hither and thither until they knew the whole valley marvellously, and when at last sight died out among them the race lived on. They had even time to adapt themselves to the blind control of fire, which they made carefully in stoves of stone. They were a simple strain of people at the first, unlettered, only slightly touched with the Spanish civilisation, but with something of a tradition of the arts of old Peru and of its lost philosophy. Generation followed generation. They forgot many things; they devised many things. Their tradition of the greater world they came from became mythical in colour and uncertain. In all things save sight they were strong and able, and presently chance sent one who had an original mind and who could talk and persuade among them, and then afterwards another. These two passed, leaving their effects, and the little community grew in numbers and in understanding, and met and settled social and economic problems that arose. Generation followed generation. Generation followed generation. There came a time when a child was born who was fifteen generations from that ancestor who went out of the valley with a bar of silver to seek God’s aid, and who never returned. Thereabout it chanced that a man came into this community from the outer world. And this is the story of that man.

He was a mountaineer from the country near Quito, a man who had been down to the sea and had seen the world, a reader of books in an original way, an acute and enterprising man, and he was taken on by a party of Englishmen who had come out to Ecuador to climb mountains, to replace one of their three Swiss guides who had fallen ill. He climbed here and he climbed there, and then came the attempt on Parascotopetl, the Matterhorn of the Andes, in which he was lost to the outer world. The story of that accident has been written a dozen times. Pointer’s narrative is the best. He tells how the little party worked their difficult and almost vertical way up to the very foot of the last and greatest precipice, and how they built a night shelter amidst the snow upon a little shelf of rock, and, with a touch of real dramatic power, how presently they found Nunez had gone from them. They shouted, and there was no reply; shouted and whistled, and for the rest of that night they slept no more.

As the morning broke they saw the traces of his fall. It seems impossible he could have uttered a sound. He had slipped eastward towards the unknown side of the mountain; far below he had struck a steep slope of snow, and ploughed his way down it in the midst of a snow avalanche. His track went straight to the edge of a frightful precipice, and beyond that everything was hidden. Far, far below, and hazy with distance, they could see trees rising out of a narrow, shut-in valley–the lost Country of the Blind. But they did not know it was the lost Country of the Blind, nor distinguish it in any way from any other narrow streak of upland valley. Unnerved by this disaster, they abandoned their attempt in the afternoon, and Pointer was called away to the war before he could make another attack. To this day Parascotopetl lifts an unconquered crest, and Pointer’s shelter crumbles unvisited amidst the snows.

And the man who fell survived.

At the end of the slope he fell a thousand feet, and came down in the midst of a cloud of snow upon a snow-slope even steeper than the one above. Down this he was whirled, stunned and insensible, but without a bone broken in his body; and then at last came to gentler slopes, and at last rolled out and lay still, buried amidst a softening heap of the white masses that had accompanied and saved him. He came to himself with a dim fancy that he was ill in bed; then realized his position with a mountaineer’s intelligence and worked himself loose and, after a rest or so, out until he saw the stars. He rested flat upon his chest for a space, wondering where he was and what had happened to him. He explored his limbs, and discovered that several of his buttons were gone and his coat turned over his head. His knife had gone from his pocket and his hat was lost, though he had tied it under his chin. He recalled that he had been looking for loose stones to raise his piece of the shelter wall. His ice-axe had disappeared.

He decided he must have fallen, and looked up to see, exaggerated by the ghastly light of the rising moon, the tremendous flight he had taken. For a while he lay, gazing blankly at the vast, pale cliff towering above, rising moment by moment out of a subsiding tide of darkness. Its phantasmal, mysterious beauty held him for a space, and then he was seized with a paroxysm of sobbing laughter . . . .

After a great interval of time he became aware that he was near the lower edge of the snow. Below, down what was now a moon-lit and practicable slope, he saw the dark and broken appearance of rock-strewn turf He struggled to his feet, aching in every joint and limb, got down painfully from the heaped loose snow about him, went downward until he was on the turf, and there dropped rather than lay beside a boulder, drank deep from the flask in his inner pocket, and instantly fell asleep . . . .

He was awakened by the singing of birds in the trees far below.

He sat up and perceived he was on a little alp at the foot of a vast precipice that sloped only a little in the gully down which he and his snow had come. Over against him another wall of rock reared itself against the sky. The gorge between these precipices ran east and west and was full of the morning sunlight, which lit to the westward the mass of fallen mountain that closed the descending gorge. Below him it seemed there was a precipice equally steep, but behind the snow in the gully he found a sort of chimney-cleft dripping with snow-water, down which a desperate man might venture. He found it easier than it seemed, and came at last to another desolate alp, and then after a rock climb of no particular difficulty, to a steep slope of trees. He took his bearings and turned his face up the gorge, for he saw it opened out above upon green meadows, among which he now glimpsed quite distinctly a cluster of stone huts of unfamiliar fashion. At times his progress was like clambering along the face of a wall, and after a time the rising sun ceased to strike along the gorge, the voices of the singing birds died away, and the air grew cold and dark about him. But the distant valley with its houses was all the brighter for that. He came presently to talus, and among the rocks he noted–for he was an observant man–an unfamiliar fern that seemed to clutch out of the crevices with intense green hands. He picked a frond or so and gnawed its stalk, and found it helpful.

About midday he came at last out of the throat of the gorge into the plain and the sunlight. He was stiff and weary; he sat down in the shadow of a rock, filled up his flask with water from a spring and drank it down, and remained for a time, resting before he went on to the houses.

They were very strange to his eyes, and indeed the whole aspect of that valley became, as he regarded it, queerer and more unfamiliar. The greater part of its surface was lush green meadow, starred with many beautiful flowers, irrigated with extraordinary care, and bearing evidence of systematic cropping piece by piece. High up and ringing the valley about was a wall, and what appeared to be a circumferential water channel, from which the little trickles of water that fed the meadow plants came, and on the higher slopes above this flocks of llamas cropped the scanty herbage. Sheds, apparently shelters or feeding-places for the llamas, stood against the boundary wall here and there. The irrigation streams ran together into a main channel down the centre of the valley, and this was enclosed on either side by a wall breast high. This gave a singularly urban quality to this secluded place, a quality that was greatly enhanced by the fact that a number of paths paved with black and white stones, and each with a curious little kerb at the side, ran hither and thither in an orderly manner. The houses of the central village were quite unlike the casual and higgledy-piggledy agglomeration of the mountain villages he knew; they stood in a continuous row on either side of a central street of astonishing cleanness, here and there their parti-coloured facade was pierced by a door, and not a solitary window broke their even frontage. They were parti-coloured with extraordinary irregularity, smeared with a sort of plaster that was sometimes grey, sometimes drab, sometimes slate-coloured or dark brown; and it was the sight of this wild plastering first brought the word “blind” into the thoughts of the explorer. “The good man who did that,” he thought, “must have been as blind as a bat.”

He descended a steep place, and so came to the wall and channel that ran about the valley, near where the latter spouted out its surplus contents into the deeps of the gorge in a thin and wavering thread of cascade. He could now see a number of men and women resting on piled heaps of grass, as if taking a siesta, in the remoter part of the meadow, and nearer the village a number of recumbent children, and then nearer at hand three men carrying pails on yokes along a little path that ran from the encircling wall towards the houses. These latter were clad in garments of llama cloth and boots and belts of leather, and they wore caps of cloth with back and ear flaps. They followed one another in single file, walking slowly and yawning as they walked, like men who have been up all night. There was something so reassuringly prosperous and respectable in their bearing that after a moment’s hesitation Nunez stood forward as conspicuously as possible upon his rock, and gave vent to a mighty shout that echoed round the valley.

The three men stopped, and moved their heads as though they were looking about them. They turned their faces this way and that, and Nunez gesticulated with freedom. But they did not appear to see him for all his gestures, and after a time, directing themselves towards the mountains far away to the right, they shouted as if in answer. Nunez bawled again, and then once more, and as he gestured ineffectually the word “blind” came up to the top of his thoughts. “The fools must be blind,” he said.

When at last, after much shouting and wrath, Nunez crossed the stream by a little bridge, came through a gate in the wall, and approached them, he was sure that they were blind. He was sure that this was the Country of the Blind of which the legends told. Conviction had sprung upon him, and a sense of great and rather enviable adventure. The three stood side by side, not looking at him, but with their ears directed towards him, judging him by his unfamiliar steps. They stood close together like men a little afraid, and he could see their eyelids closed and sunken, as though the very balls beneath had shrunk away. There was an expression near awe on their faces.

“A man,” one said, in hardly recognisable Spanish. “A man it is–a man or a spirit–coming down from the rocks.”

But Nunez advanced with the confident steps of a youth who enters upon life. All the old stories of the lost valley and the Country of the Blind had come back to his mind, and through his thoughts ran this old proverb, as if it were a refrain:–

“In the Country of the Blind the One-Eyed Man is King.”

“In the Country of the Blind the One-Eyed Man is King.”

And very civilly he gave them greeting. He talked to them and used his eyes.

“Where does he come from, brother Pedro?” asked one.

“Down out of the rocks.”

“Over the mountains I come,” said Nunez, “out of the country beyond there–where men can see. From near Bogota–where there are a hundred thousands of people, and where the city passes out of sight.”

“Sight?” muttered Pedro. “Sight?”

“He comes,” said the second blind man, “out of the rocks.”

The cloth of their coats, Nunez saw was curious fashioned, each with a different sort of stitching.

They startled him by a simultaneous movement towards him, each with a hand outstretched. He stepped back from the advance of these spread fingers.

“Come hither,” said the third blind man, following his motion and clutching him neatly.

And they held Nunez and felt him over, saying no word further until they had done so.

“Carefully,” he cried, with a finger in his eye, and found they thought that organ, with its fluttering lids, a queer thing in him. They went over it again.

“A strange creature, Correa,” said the one called Pedro. “Feel the coarseness of his hair. Like a llama’s hair.”

“Rough he is as the rocks that begot him,” said Correa, investigating Nunez’s unshaven chin with a soft and slightly moist hand. “Perhaps he will grow finer.”

Nunez struggled a little under their examination, but they gripped him firm.

“Carefully,” he said again.

“He speaks,” said the third man. “Certainly he is a man.”

“Ugh!” said Pedro, at the roughness of his coat.

“And you have come into the world?” asked Pedro.

“OUT of the world. Over mountains and glaciers; right over above there, half-way to the sun. Out of the great, big world that goes down, twelve days’ journey to the sea.”

They scarcely seemed to heed him. “Our fathers have told us men may be made by the forces of Nature,” said Correa. “It is the warmth of things, and moisture, and rottenness–rottenness.”

“Let us lead him to the elders,” said Pedro.

“Shout first,” said Correa, “lest the children be afraid. This is a marvellous occasion.”

So they shouted, and Pedro went first and took Nunez by the hand to lead him to the houses.

He drew his hand away. “I can see,” he said.

“See?” said Correa.

“Yes; see,” said Nunez, turning towards him, and stumbled against Pedro’s pail.

“His senses are still imperfect,” said the third blind man. “He stumbles, and talks unmeaning words. Lead him by the hand.”

“As you will,” said Nunez, and was led along laughing.

It seemed they knew nothing of sight.

Well, all in good time he would teach them.

He heard people shouting, and saw a number of figures gathering together in the middle roadway of the village.

He found it tax his nerve and patience more than he had anticipated, that first encounter with the population of the Country of the Blind. The place seemed larger as he drew near to it, and the smeared plasterings queerer, and a crowd of children and men and women (the women and girls he was pleased to note had, some of them, quite sweet faces, for all that their eyes were shut and sunken) came about him, holding on to him, touching him with soft, sensitive hands, smelling at him, and listening at every word he spoke. Some of the maidens and children, however, kept aloof as if afraid, and indeed his voice seemed coarse and rude beside their softer notes. They mobbed him. His three guides kept close to him with an effect of proprietorship, and said again and again, “A wild man out of the rocks.”

“Bogota,” he said. “Bogota. Over the mountain crests.”

“A wild man–using wild words,” said Pedro. “Did you hear that–”BOGOTA? His mind has hardly formed yet. He has only the beginnings of speech.”

A little boy nipped his hand. “Bogota!” he said mockingly.

“Aye! A city to your village. I come from the great world –where men have eyes and see.”

“His name’s Bogota,” they said.

“He stumbled,” said Correa–” stumbled twice as we came hither.”

“Bring him in to the elders.”

And they thrust him suddenly through a doorway into a room as black as pitch, save at the end there faintly glowed a fire. The crowd closed in behind him and shut out all but the faintest glimmer of day, and before he could arrest himself he had fallen headlong over the feet of a seated man. His arm, outflung, struck the face of someone else as he went down; he felt the soft impact of features and heard a cry of anger, and for a moment he struggled against a number of hands that clutched him. It was a one-sided fight. An inkling of the situation came to him and he lay quiet.

“I fell down,” be said; I couldn’t see in this pitchy darkness.”

There was a pause as if the unseen persons about him tried to understand his words. Then the voice of Correa said: “He is but newly formed. He stumbles as he walks and mingles words that mean nothing with his speech.”

Others also said things about him that he heard or understood imperfectly.

“May I sit up?” he asked, in a pause. “I will not struggle against you again.”

They consulted and let him rise.

The voice of an older man began to question him, and Nunez found himself trying to explain the great world out of which he had fallen, and the sky and mountains and such-like marvels, to these elders who sat in darkness in the Country of the Blind. And they would believe and understand nothing whatever that he told them, a thing quite outside his expectation. They would not even understand many of his words. For fourteen generations these people had been blind and cut off from all the seeing world; the names for all the things of sight had faded and changed; the story of the outer world was faded and changed to a child’s story; and they had ceased to concern themselves with anything beyond the rocky slopes above their circling wall. Blind men of genius had arisen among them and questioned the shreds of belief and tradition they had brought with them from their seeing days, and had dismissed all these things as idle fancies and replaced them with new and saner explanations. Much of their imagination had shrivelled with their eyes, and they had made for themselves new imaginations with their ever more sensitive ears and finger-tips. Slowly Nunez realised this: that his expectation of wonder and reverence at his origin and his gifts was not to be borne out; and after his poor attempt to explain sight to them had been set aside as the confused version of a new-made being describing the marvels of his incoherent sensations, he subsided, a little dashed, into listening to their instruction. And the eldest of the blind men explained to him life and philosophy and religion, how that the world (meaning their valley) had been first an empty hollow in the rocks, and then had come first inanimate things without the gift of touch, and llamas and a few other creatures that had little sense, and then men, and at last angels, whom one could hear singing and making fluttering sounds, but whom no one could touch at all, which puzzled Nunez greatly until he thought of the birds.

He went on to tell Nunez how this time had been divided into the warm and the cold, which are the blind equivalents of day and night, and how it was good to sleep in the warm and work during the cold, so that now, but for his advent, the whole town of the blind would have been asleep. He said Nunez must have been specially created to learn and serve the wisdom they had acquired, and that for all his mental incoherency and stumbling behaviour he must have courage and do his best to learn, and at that all the people in the door-way murmured encouragingly. He said the night–for the blind call their day night–was now far gone, and it behooved everyone to go back to sleep. He asked Nunez if he knew how to sleep, and Nunez said he did, but that before sleep he wanted food. They brought him food, llama’s milk in a bowl and rough salted bread, and led him into a lonely place to eat out of their hearing, and afterwards to slumber until the chill of the mountain evening roused them to begin their day again. But Nunez slumbered not at all.

Instead, he sat up in the place where they had left him, resting his limbs and turning the unanticipated circumstances of his arrival over and over in his mind.

Every now and then he laughed, sometimes with amusement and sometimes with indignation.

“Unformed mind!” he said. “Got no senses yet! They little know they’ve been insulting their Heaven-sent King and master . . . . .

“I see I must bring them to reason.

“Let me think.

“Let me think.”

He was still thinking when the sun set.

Nunez had an eye for all beautiful things, and it seemed to him that the glow upon the snow-fields and glaciers that rose about the valley on every side was the most beautiful thing he had ever seen. His eyes went from that inaccessible glory to the village and irrigated fields, fast sinking into the twilight, and suddenly a wave of emotion took him, and he thanked God from the bottom of his heart that the power of sight had been given him.

He heard a voice calling to him from out of the village.

“Yaho there, Bogota! Come hither!”

At that he stood up, smiling. He would show these people once and for all what sight would do for a man. They would seek him, but not find him.

“You move not, Bogota,” said the voice.

He laughed noiselessly and made two stealthy steps aside from the path.

“Trample not on the grass, Bogota; that is not allowed.”

Nunez had scarcely heard the sound he made himself. He stopped, amazed.

The owner of the voice came running up the piebald path towards him.

He stepped back into the pathway. “Here I am,” he said.

“Why did you not come when I called you?” said the blind man. “Must you be led like a child? Cannot you hear the path as you walk?”

Nunez laughed. “I can see it,” he said.

“There is no such word as SEE,” said the blind man, after a pause. “Cease this folly and follow the sound of my feet.”

Nunez followed, a little annoyed.

“My time will come,” he said.

“You’ll learn,” the blind man answered. “There is much to learn in the world.”

“Has no one told you, ‘In the Country of the Blind the One-Eyed Man is King?’”

“What is blind?” asked the blind man, carelessly, over his shoulder.

Four days passed and the fifth found the King of the Blind still incognito, as a clumsy and useless stranger among his subjects.

It was, he found, much more difficult to proclaim himself than he had supposed, and in the meantime, while he meditated his coup d’etat, he did what he was told and learnt the manners and customs of the Country of the Blind. He found working and going about at night a particularly irksome thing, and he decided that that should be the first thing he would change.

They led a simple, laborious life, these people, with all the elements of virtue and happiness as these things can be understood by men. They toiled, but not oppressively; they had food and clothing sufficient for their needs; they had days and seasons of rest; they made much of music and singing, and there was love among them and little children. It was marvellous with what confidence and precision they went about their ordered world. Everything, you see, had been made to fit their needs; each of the radiating paths of the valley area had a constant angle to the others, and was distinguished by a special notch upon its kerbing; all obstacles and irregularities of path or meadow had long since been cleared away; all their methods and procedure arose naturally from their special needs. Their senses had become marvellously acute; they could hear and judge the slightest gesture of a man a dozen paces away–could hear the very beating of his heart. Intonation had long replaced expression with them, and touches gesture, and their work with hoe and spade and fork was as free and confident as garden work can be. Their sense of smell was extraordinarily fine; they could distinguish individual differences as readily as a dog can, and they went about the tending of llamas, who lived among the rocks above and came to the wall for food and shelter, with ease and confidence. It was only when at last Nunez sought to assert himself that he found how easy and confident their movements could be.

He rebelled only after he had tried persuasion.

He tried at first on several occasions to tell them of sight. “Look you here, you people,” he said. “There are things you do not understand in me.”

Once or twice one or two of them attended to him; they sat with faces downcast and ears turned intelligently towards him, and he did his best to tell them what it was to see. Among his hearers was a girl, with eyelids less red and sunken than the others, so that one could almost fancy she was hiding eyes, whom especially he hoped to persuade. He spoke of the beauties of sight, of watching the mountains, of the sky and the sunrise, and they heard him with amused incredulity that presently became condemnatory. They told him there were indeed no mountains at all, but that the end of the rocks where the llamas grazed was indeed the end of the world; thence sprang a cavernous roof of the universe, from which the dew and the avalanches fell; and when he maintained stoutly the world had neither end nor roof such as they supposed, they said his thoughts were wicked. So far as he could describe sky and clouds and stars to them it seemed to them a hideous void, a terrible blankness in the place of the smooth roof to things in which they believed–it was an article of faith with them that the cavern roof was exquisitely smooth to the touch. He saw that in some manner he shocked them, and gave up that aspect of the matter altogether, and tried to show them the practical value of sight. One morning he saw Pedro in the path called Seventeen and coming towards the central houses, but still too far off for hearing or scent, and he told them as much. “In a little while,” he prophesied, “Pedro will be here.” An old man remarked that Pedro had no business on path Seventeen, and then, as if in confirmation, that individual as he drew near turned and went transversely into path Ten, and so back with nimble paces towards the outer wall. They mocked Nunez when Pedro did not arrive, and afterwards, when he asked Pedro questions to clear his character, Pedro denied and outfaced him, and was afterwards hostile to him.

Then he induced them to let him go a long way up the sloping meadows towards the wall with one complaisant individual, and to him he promised to describe all that happened among the houses. He noted certain goings and comings, but the things that really seemed to signify to these people happened inside of or behind the windowless houses–the only things they took note of to test him by–and of those he could see or tell nothing; and it was after the failure of this attempt, and the ridicule they could not repress, that he resorted to force. He thought of seizing a spade and suddenly smiting one or two of them to earth, and so in fair combat showing the advantage of eyes. He went so far with that resolution as to seize his spade, and then he discovered a new thing about himself, and that was that it was impossible for him to hit a blind man in cold blood.

He hesitated, and found them all aware that he had snatched up the spade. They stood all alert, with their heads on one side, and bent ears towards him for what he would do next.

“Put that spade down,” said one, and he felt a sort of helpless horror. He came near obedience.

Then he had thrust one backwards against a house wall, and fled past him and out of the village.

He went athwart one of their meadows, leaving a track of trampled grass behind his feet, and presently sat down by the side of one of their ways. He felt something of the buoyancy that comes to all men in the beginning of a fight, but more perplexity. He began to realise that you cannot even fight happily with creatures who stand upon a different mental basis to yourself. Far away he saw a number of men carrying spades and sticks come out of the street of houses and advance in a spreading line along the several paths towards him. They advanced slowly, speaking frequently to one another, and ever and again the whole cordon would halt and sniff the air and listen.

The first time they did this Nunez laughed. But afterwards he did not laugh.

One struck his trail in the meadow grass and came stooping and feeling his way along it.

For five minutes he watched the slow extension of the cordon, and then his vague disposition to do something forthwith became frantic. He stood up, went a pace or so towards the circumferential wall, turned, and went back a little way. There they all stood in a crescent, still and listening.

He also stood still, gripping his spade very tightly in both hands. Should he charge them?

The pulse in his ears ran into the rhythm of “In the Country of the Blind the One-Eyed Man is King.”

Should he charge them?

He looked back at the high and unclimbable wall behind–unclimbable because of its smooth plastering, but withal pierced with many little doors and at the approaching line of seekers. Behind these others were now coming out of the street of houses.

Should he charge them?

“Bogota!” called one. “Bogota! where are you?”

He gripped his spade still tighter and advanced down the meadows towards the place of habitations, and directly he moved they converged upon him. “I’ll hit them if they touch me,” he swore; “by Heaven, I will. I’ll hit.” He called aloud, “Look here, I’m going to do what I like in this valley! Do you hear? I’m going to do what I like and go where I like.”

They were moving in upon him quickly, groping, yet moving rapidly. It was like playing blind man’s buff with everyone blindfolded except one. “Get hold of him!” cried one. He found himself in the arc of a loose curve of pursuers. He felt suddenly he must be active and resolute.

“You don’t understand,” he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. “You are blind and I can see. Leave me alone!”

“Bogota! Put down that spade and come off the grass!”

The last order, grotesque in its urban familiarity, produced a gust of anger. “I’ll hurt you,” he said, sobbing with emotion. “By Heaven, I’ll hurt you! Leave me alone!”

He began to run–not knowing clearly where to run. He ran from the nearest blind man, because it was a horror to hit him. He stopped, and then made a dash to escape from their closing ranks. He made for where a gap was wide, and the men on either side, with a quick perception of the approach of his paces, rushed in on one another. He sprang forward, and then saw he must be caught, and SWISH! the spade had struck. He felt the soft thud of hand and arm, and the man was down with a yell of pain, and he was through.

Through! And then he was close to the street of houses again, and blind men, whirling spades and stakes, were running with a reasoned swiftness hither and thither.

He heard steps behind him just in time, and found a tall man rushing forward and swiping at the sound of him. He lost his nerve, hurled his spade a yard wide of this antagonist, and whirled about and fled, fairly yelling as he dodged another.

He was panic-stricken. He ran furiously to and fro, dodging when there was no need to dodge, and, in his anxiety to see on every side of him at once, stumbling. For a moment he was down and they heard his fall. Far away in the circumferential wall a little doorway looked like Heaven, and he set off in a wild rush for it. He did not even look round at his pursuers until it was gained, and he had stumbled across the bridge, clambered a little way among the rocks, to the surprise and dismay of a young llama, who went leaping out of sight, and lay down sobbing for breath.

And so his coup d’etat came to an end.

He stayed outside the wall of the valley of the blind for two nights and days without food or shelter, and meditated upon the Unexpected. During these meditations he repeated very frequently and always with a profounder note of derision the exploded proverb: “In the Country of the Blind the One-Eyed Man is King.” He thought chiefly of ways of fighting and conquering these people, and it grew clear that for him no practicable way was possible. He had no weapons, and now it would be hard to get one.

The canker of civilisation had got to him even in Bogota, and he could not find it in himself to go down and assassinate a blind man. Of course, if he did that, he might then dictate terms on the threat of assassinating them all. But–Sooner or later he must sleep! . . . .

He tried also to find food among the pine trees, to be comfortable under pine boughs while the frost fell at night, and– with less confidence–to catch a llama by artifice in order to try to kill it–perhaps by hammering it with a stone–and so finally, perhaps, to eat some of it. But the llamas had a doubt of him and regarded him with distrustful brown eyes and spat when he drew near. Fear came on him the second day and fits of shivering. Finally he crawled down to the wall of the Country of the Blind and tried to make his terms. He crawled along by the stream, shouting, until two blind men came out to the gate and talked to him.

“I was mad,” he said. “But I was only newly made.”

They said that was better.

He told them he was wiser now, and repented of all he had done.

Then he wept without intention, for he was very weak and ill now, and they took that as a favourable sign.

They asked him if he still thought he could SEE.”

“No,” he said. “That was folly. The word means nothing. Less than nothing!”

They asked him what was overhead.

“About ten times ten the height of a man there is a roof above the world–of rock–and very, very smooth. So smooth–so beautifully smooth . . “He burst again into hysterical tears. “Before you ask me any more, give me some food or I shall die!”

He expected dire punishments, but these blind people were capable of toleration. They regarded his rebellion as but one more proof of his general idiocy and inferiority, and after they had whipped him they appointed him to do the simplest and heaviest work they had for anyone to do, and he, seeing no other way of living, did submissively what he was told.

He was ill for some days and they nursed him kindly. That refined his submission. But they insisted on his lying in the dark, and that was a great misery. And blind philosophers came and talked to him of the wicked levity of his mind, and reproved him so impressively for his doubts about the lid of rock that covered their cosmic casserole that he almost doubted whether indeed he was not the victim of hallucination in not seeing it overhead.

So Nunez became a citizen of the Country of the Blind, and these people ceased to be a generalised people and became individualities to him, and familiar to him, while the world beyond the mountains became more and more remote and unreal. There was Yacob, his master, a kindly man when not annoyed; there was Pedro, Yacob’s nephew; and there was Medina-sarote, who was the youngest daughter of Yacob. She was little esteemed in the world of the blind, because she had a clear-cut face and lacked that satisfying, glossy smoothness that is the blind man’s ideal of feminine beauty, but Nunez thought her beautiful at first, and presently the most beautiful thing in the whole creation. Her closed eyelids were not sunken and red after the common way of the valley, but lay as though they might open again at any moment; and she had long eyelashes, which were considered a grave disfigurement. And her voice was weak and did not satisfy the acute hearing of the valley swains. So that she had no lover.

There came a time when Nunez thought that, could he win her, he would be resigned to live in the valley for all the rest of his days.

He watched her; he sought opportunities of doing her little services and presently he found that she observed him. Once at a rest-day gathering they sat side by side in the dim starlight, and the music was sweet. His hand came upon hers and he dared to clasp it. Then very tenderly she returned his pressure. And one day, as they were at their meal in the darkness, he felt her hand very softly seeking him, and as it chanced the fire leapt then, and he saw the tenderness of her face.

He sought to speak to her.

He went to her one day when she was sitting in the summer moonlight spinning. The light made her a thing of silver and mystery. He sat down at her feet and told her he loved her, and told her how beautiful she seemed to him. He had a lover’s voice, he spoke with a tender reverence that came near to awe, and she had never before been touched by adoration. She made him no definite answer, but it was clear his words pleased her.

After that he talked to her whenever he could take an opportunity. The valley became the world for him, and the world beyond the mountains where men lived by day seemed no more than a fairy tale he would some day pour into her ears. Very tentatively and timidly he spoke to her of sight.

Sight seemed to her the most poetical of fancies, and she listened to his description of the stars and the mountains and her own sweet white-lit beauty as though it was a guilty indulgence. She did not believe, she could only half understand, but she was mysteriously delighted, and it seemed to him that she completely understood.

His love lost its awe and took courage. Presently he was for demanding her of Yacob and the elders in marriage, but she became fearful and delayed. And it was one of her elder sisters who first told Yacob that Medina-sarote and Nunez were in love.

There was from the first very great opposition to the marriage of Nunez and Medina-sarote; not so much because they valued her as because they held him as a being apart, an idiot, incompetent thing below the permissible level of a man. Her sisters opposed it bitterly as bringing discredit on them all; and old Yacob, though he had formed a sort of liking for his clumsy, obedient serf, shook his head and said the thing could not be. The young men were all angry at the idea of corrupting the race, and one went so far as to revile and strike Nunez. He struck back. Then for the first time he found an advantage in seeing, even by twilight, and after that fight was over no one was disposed to raise a hand against him. But they still found his marriage impossible.

Old Yacob had a tenderness for his last little daughter, and was grieved to have her weep upon his shoulder.

“You see, my dear, he’s an idiot. He has delusions; he can’t do anything right.”

“I know,” wept Medina-sarote. “But he’s better than he was. He’s getting better. And he’s strong, dear father, and kind–stronger and kinder than any other man in the world. And he loves me–and, father, I love him.”

Old Yacob was greatly distressed to find her inconsolable, and, besides–what made it more distressing–he liked Nunez for many things. So he went and sat in the windowless council-chamber with the other elders and watched the trend of the talk, and said, at the proper time, “He’s better than he was. Very likely, some day, we shall find him as sane as ourselves.”

Then afterwards one of the elders, who thought deeply, had an idea. He was a great doctor among these people, their medicine-man, and he had a very philosophical and inventive mind, and the idea of curing Nunez of his peculiarities appealed to him. One day when Yacob was present he returned to the topic of Nunez. “I have examined Nunez,” he said, “and the case is clearer to me. I think very probably he might be cured.”

“This is what I have always hoped,” said old Yacob.

“His brain is affected,” said the blind doctor.

The elders murmured assent.

“Now, WHAT affects it?”

“Ah!” said old Yacob.

THIS,” said the doctor, answering his own question. “Those queer things that are called the eyes, and which exist to make an agreeable depression in the face, are diseased, in the case of Nunez, in such a way as to affect his brain. They are greatly distended, he has eyelashes, and his eyelids move, and consequently his brain is in a state of constant irritation and distraction.”

“Yes?” said old Yacob. “Yes?”

“And I think I may say with reasonable certainty that, in order to cure him complete, all that we need to do is a simple and easy surgical operation–namely, to remove these irritant bodies.”

“And then he will be sane?”

“Then he will be perfectly sane, and a quite admirable citizen.”

“Thank Heaven for science!” said old Yacob, and went forth at once to tell Nunez of his happy hopes.

But Nunez’s manner of receiving the good news struck him as being cold and disappointing.

“One might think,” he said, “from the tone you take that you did not care for my daughter.”

It was Medina-sarote who persuaded Nunez to face the blind surgeons.

“YOU do not want me,” he said, “to lose my gift of sight?”

She shook her head.

“My world is sight.”

Her head drooped lower.

“There are the beautiful things, the beautiful little things–the flowers, the lichens amidst the rocks, the light and softness on a piece of fur, the far sky with its drifting dawn of clouds, the sunsets and the stars. And there is YOU. For you alone it is good to have sight, to see your sweet, serene face, your kindly lips, your dear, beautiful hands folded together. . . . . It is these eyes of mine you won, these eyes that hold me to you, that these idiots seek. Instead, I must touch you, hear you, and never see you again. I must come under that roof of rock and stone and darkness, that horrible roof under which your imaginations stoop . . . NO; YOU would not have me do that?”

A disagreeable doubt had arisen in him. He stopped and left the thing a question.

“I wish,” she said, “sometimes–” She paused.

“Yes?” he said, a little apprehensively.

“I wish sometimes–you would not talk like that.”

“Like what?”

“I know it’s pretty–it’s your imagination. I love it, but NOW–”

He felt cold. “NOW?” he said, faintly.

She sat quite still.

“You mean–you think–I should be better, better perhaps–”

He was realising things very swiftly. He felt anger perhaps, anger at the dull course of fate, but also sympathy for her lack of understanding–a sympathy near akin to pity.

“DEAR,” he said, and he could see by her whiteness how tensely her spirit pressed against the things she could not say. He put his arms about her, he kissed her ear, and they sat for a time in silence.

“If I were to consent to this?” he said at last, in a voice that was very gentle.

She flung her arms about him, weeping wildly. “Oh, if you would,” she sobbed, “if only you would!”

For a week before the operation that was to raise him from his servitude and inferiority to the level of a blind citizen Nunez knew nothing of sleep, and all through the warm, sunlit hours, while the others slumbered happily, he sat brooding or wandered aimlessly, trying to bring his mind to bear on his dilemma. He had given his answer, he had given his consent, and still he was not sure. And at last work-time was over, the sun rose in splendour over the golden crests, and his last day of vision began for him. He had a few minutes with Medina-sarote before she went apart to sleep.

“To-morrow,” he said, “I shall see no more.”

“Dear heart!” she answered, and pressed his hands with all her strength.

“They will hurt you but little,” she said; “and you are going through this pain, you are going through it, dear lover, for ME . . . . Dear, if a woman’s heart and life can do it, I will repay you. My dearest one, my dearest with the tender voice, I will repay.”

He was drenched in pity for himself and her.

He held her in his arms, and pressed his lips to hers and looked on her sweet face for the last time. “Good-bye!” he whispered to that dear sight, “good-bye!”

And then in silence he turned away from her.

She could hear his slow retreating footsteps, and something in the rhythm of them threw her into a passion of weeping.

He walked away.

He had fully meant to go to a lonely place where the meadows were beautiful with white narcissus, and there remain until the hour of his sacrifice should come, but as he walked he lifted up his eyes and saw the morning, the morning like an angel in golden armour, marching down the steeps . . . .

It seemed to him that before this splendour he and this blind world in the valley, and his love and all, were no more than a pit of sin.

He did not turn aside as he had meant to do, but went on and passed through the wall of the circumference and out upon the rocks, and his eyes were always upon the sunlit ice and snow.

He saw their infinite beauty, and his imagination soared over them to the things beyond he was now to resign for ever!

He thought of that great free world that he was parted from, the world that was his own, and he had a vision of those further slopes, distance beyond distance, with Bogota, a place of multitudinous stirring beauty, a glory by day, a luminous mystery by night, a place of palaces and fountains and statues and white houses, lying beautifully in the middle distance. He thought how for a day or so one might come down through passes drawing ever nearer and nearer to its busy streets and ways. He thought of the river journey, day by day, from great Bogota to the still vaster world beyond, through towns and villages, forest and desert places, the rushing river day by day, until its banks receded, and the big steamers came splashing by and one had reached the sea–the limitless sea, with its thousand islands, its thousands of islands, and its ships seen dimly far away in their incessant journeyings round and about that greater world. And there, unpent by mountains, one saw the sky–the sky, not such a disc as one saw it here, but an arch of immeasurable blue, a deep of deeps in which the circling stars were floating . . . .

His eyes began to scrutinise the great curtain of the mountains with a keener inquiry.

For example; if one went so, up that gully and to that chimney there, then one might come out high among those stunted pines that ran round in a sort of shelf and rose still higher and higher as it passed above the gorge. And then? That talus might be managed. Thence perhaps a climb might be found to take him up to the precipice that came below the snow; and if that chimney failed, then another farther to the east might serve his purpose better. And then? Then one would be out upon the amber-lit snow there, and half-way up to the crest of those beautiful desolations. And suppose one had good fortune!

He glanced back at the village, then turned right round and regarded it with folded arms.

He thought of Medina-sarote, and she had become small and remote.

He turned again towards the mountain wall down which the day had come to him.

Then very circumspectly he began his climb.

When sunset came he was not longer climbing, but he was far and high. His clothes were torn, his limbs were bloodstained, he was bruised in many places, but he lay as if he were at his ease, and there was a smile on his face.

From where he rested the valley seemed as if it were in a pit and nearly a mile below. Already it was dim with haze and shadow, though the mountain summits around him were things of light and fire. The mountain summits around him were things of light and fire, and the little things in the rocks near at hand were drenched with light and beauty, a vein of green mineral piercing the grey, a flash of small crystal here and there, a minute, minutely-beautiful orange lichen close beside his face. There were deep, mysterious shadows in the gorge, blue deepening into purple, and purple into a luminous darkness, and overhead was the illimitable vastness of the sky. But he heeded these things no longer, but lay quite still there, smiling as if he were content now merely to have escaped from the valley of the Blind, in which he had thought to be King. And the glow of the sunset passed, and the night came, and still he lay there, under the cold, clear stars.

William B. Strong, 67

Chicago Tribune: July 27, 2004

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-27/news/0407270054_1_latin-languages-strong

As a master of languages, William B. Strong was fluent in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Latin and Greek, his brother James said. He was a language teacher for four years at Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago and for several decades at Niles North High School in Skokie. Mr. Strong, 67, died of multiple stab wounds Friday, July 23, in his Evanston home. The Cook County medical examiner’s office ruled his death a homicide. His roommate, Ernst Thomas Wagner, has been charged with murder in connection with his death. Mr. Strong was born and raised in Evanston. He graduated from Evanston Township High School in 1956 and received a bachelor’s degree at Loyola University Chicago in 1960, his brother said. He earned a degree in French at Laval Universities in Canada. At Quigley, he taught Latin and Greek for four years. He taught foreign languages at Niles North for 25 years. After retiring, he was a substitute teacher. Mr. Strong enjoyed the enthusiasm of his students, his brother said. In his home, he left behind exchanges with priests around the country written in Latin, an open Latin dictionary and a massive collection of Greek writings, his brother said. Besides languages, Mr. Strong followed ballet with a passion. He watched the annual International Ballet Competition in Jackson, Miss., and abroad. His friend, Meredith Mahalak, recalled meeting him there and sharing his love of ballet. “Our seats always were front row center,” she said. His friends included many ballet dancers, directors and choreographers. “He was very much in with the movers and shakers in international ballet,” she said. His brother, a reporter for the Tribune for 30 years, said Mr. Strong’s ballet interests once took him to Cuba, where he was interviewed on Cuban radio about American ballet. Besides his brother, he is survived by his sister, Ann E. Strong. Visitation will be held at 10 a.m. Wednesday in St. Nicholas Church, 806 Ridge Ave., Evanston. Mass will be said at 11 a.m.

Chicago Tribune: June 8, 1994

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-06-08/news/9406090257_1_dead-language-magnum-10-day-suspension

A junior high Latin teacher in Ohio was suspended without pay for putting a little too much life into the dead language. Among the printable phrases: “In dentibus anticis frustum magnum spinaciae habes” and “Braccae tuae aperiuntur.” (Translations: “You have a big piece of spinach on your front teeth” and “Your fly is open.”) Teacher Richard Ehret, who returned to class this week from his 10-day suspension, said he was urged when he was hired to use outside material to make his classes interesting. “Obviously, you hear worse language than this every day in the halls,” Ehret said.

Latin Lessons Give Lake Forest Kids Head Start On English, French And Spanish.

Rummana Hussain, Tribune Staff Writer.

Chicago Tribune: September 19, 2000

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-09-19/news/0009190256_1_latin-foreign-language-pupils

Forget Ricky Martin, Enrique Iglesias and Jennifer Lopez.

The “Latin invasion” that has captivated hundreds of Lake Forest elementary school pupils is anchored in the ancient poetry and prose of Horace, Cicero and Catullus.

“Now I can say goodbye to my brother and parents in the morning in Latin,” Kevin Bartlett, 8, beamed after his half-hour foreign language lesson at Sheridan School.

For the first time, the classical language is being taught to all of Lake Forest School District 67′s 1st, 2nd and 3rd graders.

School officials in the North Shore city have wanted to add a foreign language component to the lower grades’ curriculum for years. Budget restrictions, however, dictated that only one language could be taught to the 750 pupils in the three grades.

Though Spanish and French seemed the obvious choices for early instruction, after much research and debate, school officials concluded that Latin was the most logical choice, said District 67 Supt. Harry Griffith.

The Latin program at the prestigious Decatur Classical School on Chicago’s Northwest Side helped convince administrators that the so-called dead language could best prepare pupils for the future.

“We learned that children taking Latin in primary grades were getting a head start in the English language. … And we also recognized that Latin is 90 percent of the foundation in Spanish and French,” Griffith said.

The oral lessons will enhance the skills of the pupils when they enter 4th grade, when they can opt to study Spanish, French or Latin as their foreign language elective, said Alana Mraz, the district’s director of curriculum. Those languages have been taught in the upper grades for several years.

So far, the lessons, which mingle the language with popular culture, have proved to be a hit.

“It’s fun,” said Holly Wark, 7. “You get to learn new words in Latin.”

“I like it because it’s closer to my language,” said 2nd grader Jovan Milovanovic, who speaks Serbian at home.

Before classes began, some parents had expressed concerns about Latin’s practical applications, said Latin teacher Pam Harper.

Harper uses a stuffed “Arthur” as a Latin class mascot. To give him more Romanesque characteristics, Harper dresses the bespectacled aardvark from the children’s popular book and TV series with a tunic and laurel leaf.

“We’re trying to make it fun and entertaining at the same time,” Harper said.

“Salve!” one group of 2nd graders greeted “Arthur” upon learning recently about the singular and plural forms of the Latin word for “hello.” “Arthur” was later placed in a circle formed by the children when they played a variation of the hot-potato game for another lesson.

The pupils later screamed with delight when Harper, standing next to a bulletin board with a yellow smiling face urging pupils to Habe Fortunatum Diem, or “Have a Good Day,” gave the boys and girls their Latin names.

Giggles ensued as “Kevin” was transformed to “Kevinus” and “Molly” was given the noble moniker “Mollia.”

Harper said as the year progresses, the children will also be given lessons about ancient Roman culture.

“They’re so proud of themselves, that they speak a foreign language,” she said.

Games’ Victorious Teens Speak Well Of Latin

Casey Banas, Tribune Education Writer.

Chicago Tribune: October 06, 1997

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-06/news/9710060039_1_latin-dead-language-7th-and-8th-graders

Clad in a purple toga fastened on the right shoulder by a gold fibula and sporting brown sandals, the quizmaster posed a question to the three high school teams.

“Identify the mythological character who is the subject of the following Latin sentence: Ego, parvus puer, duas serpentes interfeci,” he queried.

Gail Bremner, a senior at Naperville North High School, knew that meant in English, “I, as a small boy, killed two serpents.” She was the first student among 12 teenagers in the contest to raise her hand.

“Hercules,” she correctly answered to Edward Joyce, the quizmaster and Latin and Greek teacher at Chicago’s Archbishop Quigley Seminary.

Bremner was among 240 students of Latin from 12 Chicago-area schools and one in Springfield participating Saturday in Roman-style academic, art, costume, speaking and athletics contests. In the process, they countered the myth that Latin is a dead language.

The contest was part of the annual state convention of the Illinois Classical League North, held this year at Lyons Township High School’s south campus in Western Springs.

Among the contestants were 43 from Lyons Township, each sporting a T-shirt with a message on the back proclaiming, “Stayin’ Alive,” a reference to a popular Bee Gees song, and bearing a drawing of a Roman woman in a dance pose reminiscent of John Travolta in the movie “Saturday Night Fever.”

Teachers at the Roman festival estimated that 7,000 Illinois high school students are studying Latin. Classes are even held for 6th, 7th and 8th graders at Barrington Middle School, where 110 youngsters have chosen Latin over languages such as French and Spanish.

“The back to basics movement has helped our cause,” said Virginia Anderson, Latin teacher at the Barrington school who said enrollment in the language’s classes is on the upswing.

As part of its three-sentence creed, the Illinois Classical League says that an understanding of the civilizations of Greece and Rome will “help us understand and appraise this world of today, which is indebted to ancient civilization in its government and laws, literature, language and arts.”

The convention, said Laurie Jolicoeur, chairwoman and Lyons Township Latin teacher, is a way for kids who enjoy classical civilization to compete against and meet other students with a similar interest.

Some students said they take Latin because it will provide a good foundation for careers in medicine. Others believe it will help them with language arts questions on the American College Test and Scholastic Assessment Test, both of which are used to help determine college admissions.

Bremner, who may pursue a career in medicine, is looking for a way to get the edge on other students in SAT scores. And she loves mythology. She led her team to victory over Elgin’s Larkin High School and Chicago’s Bogan High School in one round of the academic contest.

Among other answers she knew were that Priam was king of Troy during the Trojan War and Aquitani, Belgae and Celtae were the three major peoples of Gaul.

Another featured event was the creation of art with Roman themes–mosaics, paintings, posters, maps, cartoons and three-dimensional models. The last category was won by Brad Johnson, a junior at Lincoln-Way High School in New Lenox. He built a 2-foot-high catapult with a bucket of stones firing its ammunition when a pencil is taken out of a hole, releasing a wooden arm into action.

“I want to be a veterinarian, and Latin will help me understand medical terms,” he said.

Events at the convention also included creative spinoffs of athletic contests. A four-person relay in the gymnasium was called “Mercury Madness” for the mythical swift messenger of the gods. Each runner wore a purple cape and carried a golden staff.

Among the questions in the academic competition was one with a mathematical theme.

“In Latin, the number of Olympians (gods in mythology) minus the number of hills in Rome equals how many?” asked quizmaster Joyce, of the three teams.

On this one, the three teams were stumped. The answer, revealed Joyce was quinque, or in English, five.

AT RANDOM. ON LANGUAGE.

Nathan Bierma

Chicago Tribune: February 02, 2005

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-02-02/features/0502020022_1_latin-native-language-rome

The first irony about the Latin language is that it is often called a dead language, when in fact it is alive and well in other languages — including English. The second irony is that Latin is considered an ancient language, even though, as Swedish linguist Tore Janson writes, “In the last hundred years or so we have taken in more words from this source than ever before.”

Janson offers a tidy summary of Latin’s nearly three-millennium existence in “A Natural History of Latin” (Oxford University Press, $24).

Latin, writes Janson, “was the native language of the Romans in antiquity; it was Europe’s international language until two or three hundred years ago; and it is the language from which the modern European languages have drawn the majority of their loanwords. That means there are three good reasons for knowing something about Latin.”

Janson’s book is a good place to start, although it is a little heavy on history and light on linguistics, and its translation from Swedish is clunky at points.

Still, “Natural History of Latin” is an authoritative introduction to arguably the most influential language of all time.

Named for the ancient region of Latium, now called Lazio in Italian, Latin emerged in the 8th Century B.C. after the settlement of Rome. While it would later become the language of scholarly writing, Latin was probably only a spoken language in its first few centuries, Janson says. And while Latin would come to be associated with the urban vitality of Rome and grandeur of the Roman Empire, its first generations of speakers were farmers, practicing “agricultura,” or “cultivation of the field.”

When Rome overtook Greece and established an empire encompassing the Mediterranean Sea and Europe, it spread Latin far and wide. This alone would make Latin an important chapter in world history, but the language had a second act after the Roman Empire collapsed.

Here lies another irony: Though Latin was the language of an empire that aggressively oppressed Christianity (before adopting it as the official state religion), it was the church that kept Latin alive when Rome fell, using it throughout the Middle Ages for liturgy, theology and translating the Bible.

After the Renaissance, Latin had a third act as the international language of science and philosophy. In the 20th Century, technological innovations made Latin more visible than ever. “Video,” for example, is the Latin word for “I see.” “Digital” comes from “digit” (digital technology uses code written in ones and zeroes), which derives from the Latin word “digitus” for “finger,” because we count with our fingers. The phrase “via satellite” comes from the Latin “via” for “road” or “way” and “satellitis” for “attendant” (which, in a way, describes an orbiting object).

A final irony about Latin is that it became the foundation of English despite belonging to a very different language family. Latin spawned the family of Romance languages, including French, Italian and Spanish, while English belongs to the Germanic family, with such siblings as Dutch and German. But missionaries to England in the first millennium and French conquerors in the second millennium ensured Latin would make its mark on English.

As a result, countless English words — as many as 40 percent of the English vocabulary, by some estimates (Janson doesn’t weigh in on this) — have Latin roots.

Thus, a primer in Latin — such as Janson’s generous appendix of Latin words and phrases — is a primer in etymology. Our word “republic,” for example, comes from the Latin phrase “res publica,” or “things of the public.” “Aqua,” the Latin word for “water,” is the root of “aquatic” and “aquarium.” “Frater,” the Latin word for “brother,” is behind the English words “fraternal” and “fraternity.” The word “facere,” for “to make,” lies at the root of “factory,” “fact” and “defect.”

More than 1,500 years after the fall of Rome, Latin isn’t going away. “That considerable portion of the world’s population who speak a European language,” Janson concludes, “will have to use Latin words every day and every hour for as long as one can see into the future.”

Endings: For more Latin words, see “The Big Gold Book of Latin Verbs: 555 Fully Conjugated Verbs,” released last year by McGraw-Hill ($15.95).

. . . Latin’s status as a living language is bolstered by the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, which includes Latin as one of the languages into which the encyclopedia is translated (see http://la.wikipedia.org).

. . . The week of March 7 will be the third annual National Latin Teacher Recruitment Week. Co-founder Thomas Sienkewicz, classics professor at Monmouth College in Monmouth, Ill., appears in a toga on a promotional poster, pointing in the manner of Uncle Sam beside the statement “I Want You . . . To Become a Latin Teacher.”

E-mail Nathan Bierma at onlanguage@gmail.com.

The Loneliness Of The Long-distance Latin Scholar

Ron Grossman

Chicago Tribune: July 13, 1990

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-07-13/features/9002270370_1_dead-language-latin-teacher-latin-verb

BETHEL, CONN. — Alvin P. Dobsevage is a Mr. Chips with a chip on his shoulder.

He doesn`t wear it for his own grievances, but for Cicero and Caesar and other noble Romans, all of them dead for thousands of years. Dobsevage is also angered by the sorry state of America`s schools.

He gets livid just thinking how fellow educators shamelessly hand out diplomas to students unable to answer a simple question: Potestne Latina communicara?

When he asked me that question, I replied: “Yes, or I guess I should say, `Sic` or perhaps `Vero.` I suppose we could try to talk Latin, but let me warn you, I`m a lot more fluent in English.“

That admission almost ended the interview right there. Dobsevage`s world is strictly divided into friends and enemies of the Roman people. Though I had told him I once was a professor of ancient history, where else but into the enemy camp would a historian fit upon admitting that, should they meet on heaven`s Elysian fields, he won`t be comfortable greeting Catullus or Virgil in their native tongue?

Yet the gods or the late Miss Boyer, my old Latin teacher, must have been smiling, as I straightaway got a chance to redeem myself. Dobsevage had a handyman working on his property who spoke only Portuguese, so the two were consulting in that language. From a babble otherwise meaningless to me, I managed to pick out the word inclinado, which the worker used while demonstrating how he had laid a length of pipe through a sloping drainage ditch.

“Inclinado,“ I observed, “must have come into Portuguese from inclino, a Latin verb of the first declension, meaning to rise or fall at an angle.“

Dobsevage turned on his heels to give me a look of respect the emperors must have used while saluting victorius gladiators in Rome`s Colosseum.

“Mirabile dictu! You see, that is exactly what I have been preaching these many years,“ said Dobsevage, 68. “To those who know their Latin, it`s a snap to pick up languages that descend from it, like French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. It`s not much harder to learn non-Latin-based languages. Indeed, once you can speak the Romans` language, the whole world is your highway.“

Yet linguistic dexterity doesn`t guarantee traveling companions:

Dobsevage himself is virtually the last American fluent in Latin.

Of course, many high schools still employ Latin teachers, and most universities have a classics department. But even they accept the world`s verdict that Latin is a “dead language,“ Dobsevage noted sadly. They teach Ovid and Livy as fossils, giving students a smattering of grammar and just enough vocabulary to laboriously read a simple text. You might think Latin`s magic sounds could no longer thrill the human ear, as Dobsevage is reminded at every gathering of professional colleagues.

Scant small talk

“As a conversation starter, I`ll ask another Latin teacher, `Salve esti?` “ Dobsevage said. “They just walk away from me like I was talking gibberish, when I`m only asking in Latin: `How are you doing?` “

Once he asked a favor of the organizers of the Classical Association of New England`s annual meeting: At the concluding banquet, could a table be reserved for those who would enjoy making small talk in the Romans` tongue?

“There had to be 250 to 300 teachers at the convention, and I tacked a notice of a Latin-speaking table on every bulletin board,“ Dobsevage said.

“But only four people showed up: Myself, another fellow who could more or less hold up his end of a coversation, and two others who had never thought of Latin as a spoken language, but were eager to make the experiment.“

O tempora! O mores! (as Cicero once lamented his age`s shortcomings):

Dobsevage is more popular with 6th graders at the public school here in Bethel, a town of 8,755. About 30 to 40 young people annually enroll in the strictly voluntary Latin class he offers in the mornings before his students go off to their regular classes and Dobsevage commutes to nearby Danbury, where he is a professor at Western Connecticut State University.

Like Dobsevage, his grade-school disciples, or at least their parents, are convinced it has been all downhill since the schools stopped requiring students to study the ancient languages. From Caesar`s day until recently, Dobsevage said, a thorough grounding in the language and literature of the Romans was considered the foundation of a liberal education.

A plus for war

Growing up in New York City in the 1930s, Dobsevage studied Latin for two years to qualify for a high school diploma. Then he had to put in four more years of Latin study (plus a year of calculus and a modern language) to get a bachelor`s degree from the City College of New York. When World War II broke out, he learned the value of his teachers` no-nonsense pedagogy.

Dobsevage was recruited into the 10th Mountain Division, a special force of ski troops to meet expected fighting in European mountain ranges. Skiing was not then a popular sport in the U.S. So the Army went looking for ski bums in the most likely place then to find them: fraternity houses of the nation`s elite colleges. In those days, Dobsevage noted, rah-rah frat boys, as well as honors students like himself, had to hit the books.

“We fought our way up the mountainous spine of central Italy, never losing a foot of ground, and you know why?“ Dobsevage said. “Because we always got first-class information out of prisoners, without waiting for an intelligence officer to show up for a debriefing. In every squad and platoon of the 10th Mountain, we had at least one guy who knew Italian, another who had studied German.“

After the war, Dobsevage worked on a Ph.D. in Paris. He served in the U.S. diplomatic corps in Africa, then came home and found a teaching job in a high school in Wilton, Conn. When he was assigned to give a Latin course, he was shocked to find that a new generation of watered-down textbooks treated the language as if it existed only on a printed page.

So he threw out the assigned materials and instituted the same method that French or German teachers use: He had his students speaking conversational Latin in class, before ever giving them a book to read. He also encouraged them to write Latin.

“The Vatican, which still uses Latin for official church communications, runs a student competition for writing Latin prose and poetry,“ Dobsevage said. “I got my kids to enter, and, while we never won, church officials in Rome were astounded. They`d never had a single entry from America before.“

Faltering English

Eventually Dobsevage linked up with a group of similar-minded Latin lovers in Europe. Each summer, he attends a conclave of about 100 classical enthusiasts, some of them professors and some amateur scholars, who come together in Belgium for several weeks of meetings and social events where all languages but Latin are strictly forbidden.

Hoping to stimulate a similar revival here, Dobsevage established a scholarly journal, Hermes Americanus (American Hermes), which prints only articles written in Latin. In its premiere issue, published in 1983, he noted that it is not without reason that so few Americans master Latin anymore:

“Hodie in patria nostra pauci prima elementa linguae Anglicae sciunt.“

(“Today in our country, very few people know the elements of the English language.“)

Dobsevage`s wife, a professional editor, does the layout for the journal, which is copy edited by a fellow Latin enthusiast who is bedridden and thus has plenty of time for the project. Western Connecticut State University, where Dobsevage has taught since 1965, pays part of the journal`s bills. Other money comes from his 380 subscribers (Dobsevage notes that the CIA had a subscription), but Dobsevage makes up the annual deficit, usually about $6,000.

“I make a few bucks refereeing high-school lacrosse matches, which is a sport I played myself as a youngster,“ Dobsevage said. “I also have a pension from my Army days and my years with the State Department, most of which I turn over to Hermes Americanus. So you could say that the government has invested in my Latin crusade.“

As a headquarters for that campaign, Dobsevage is building a three-story library behind his home for his 10,000 books. The Medicis once endowed their hometown with an institution similarly devoted to classical studies, which they called the Florentine Academy. When completed, Dobsevage`s library will bear the inscription Academia Latina Danburiensis (Latin Academy of Danbury). As Dobsevage sees it, what ails American education is so obvious, he can`t fathom why it is so hard to find allies. A few years back, he thought he had one. “The Closing of the American Mind,“ by University of Chicago professor Allan Bloom, had made the best-seller lists with an analysis of the schools` problems that Dobsevage found close to his own. So he dropped Bloom a note, in Latin of course, proposing they join forces intellectually.

Dobsevage said Bloom has yet to answer, but he isn`t discouraged. He said he knew he was in for a long battle when he took up the ancients` cause.

“After all,“ he said, “one of the first things we learn studying Latin is, Rome wasn`t built in a day.“

TEACHING YOURSELF LATIN, LATIN FOR FUN

C.J. HINKE, The Classical Wizard, Bangkok, Thailand and Tofino, Canada

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_____. NUNTII LATINI V. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura,1999.

Pernwerth, Adolf von Barnstein. IMITATA. LATEINISCHE NACHBILDUNGEN BEKANNTER DEUTSCHER GEDICHTE. Leipzing: Dieterich’sche, 1897.

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Poe, Edgar Allan. TRES FABULAE EDGARII ALLANI POE: CATTUS NIGER, RANUNCULUS, PUTEUS ET PENDULUM. Translated by Nikolaus Gross. Weisenhorn: Leo Latinus, 2004. ISBN: 3938905012.

Preiser, Richard. PRETIOSA. Translated by the author. Heidelberg: Meister, 1953.

Preubler, Otfried. CRABATUS SIVE MOLENDINUM SATANICUM. Translated by Nikolaus Gross. http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/crabatus.php

Prior, Richard. LATIN DEMYSTIFIED: A SELF-TEACHING GUIDE. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 0071477277.

Puetz, Ernestus. DEUTSCHE DICHTUNGEN. Trier: Schonberger, 1863.

_____. SPECIMINA POETICA. 1st ed., Jena: Dobereiner, 1864; 2nd ed., Trier: Friedrich Lintz, 1866.

_____. VARIORUM POEMATA. Bonn, 1874.

Ranke, Ernst. HORAE LYRICAE. Wien: Braumuller, 1873.

Rehn, Amy. SONG SCHOOL LATIN. Camp Hill: Classical Academic Press, 2008. ISBN: 1600510450.

Reinstorff, Ernst. CARMINA NONNULLA POETARUM RECENTIORUM GERMANORICUM. Translated by the author. Hamburg: Herold’sche, 1895.

Remarque, Erich Maria. DE NOCTE OLISIPONENSI. Translated by Sigrides C. Albert. Saarbrucken: Societas Latina, 1st ed., 1963; 2nd ed., 2002.

Rothenburg, Karl Heinz Graf von.  P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSES SELECTAE. Leipzig: Klett, 1996.  ISBN: 3126674003.

Ruckert, Friedrich. CARMINA QUAEDAM RUCKERTI. Translated by M. Seyfferto. Brandenburg: J.J. Wiesike, 1842.

Ruskin, John. REX AUREI RIVI. Translated by Arcadius Avellanus. New York: Prentice, 1914.

Ruskin, John (THE GOLDEN RIVER), Guy de Maupassant (THE NECKLACE), Edward Bulwer Lytton (THE HOUSE AND THE BRAIN) and Robert Louis Stevenson (THE SIRE DE MALETROIT’S DOOR). MONS SPES ET NOVELLAE ALIAE. Translated by Arcadius Avellanus. Mount Hope Classics Vol. 2. New York: Prentice, 1918.

Ruthe, Ralph. MERDA ACCIDIT! CARTOONS AUF LATEIN. Translated by Michael Schelenz. Hamburg: Carlson, 2009. ISBN: 3551680647.

Saksa, Rene. LUCERE UBIQUE LUCERNAS CAELESTES. Translated by Caelestis Eicenseer. Leichlingen: Reinhard Brune, 1982.

Sanchez Vallejo, Felix. GALLIA ITERUM BIROTA CIRCUITUR. Comillas-Santander: Universidad Pontifica, 1960.

Saxon, Alex. MEMENTO MORI. Translated by Nikolaus Gross. Weisenhorn: Leo Latinus, 2004. ISBN: 938905836.

Scheffel, Joseph Victor von. GAUDEAMUS. STUDENTEN- UND WANDERLIEDER. Translated by Peter Wiesmann. Zurich: Artemis, 1963.

Schelenz, Michael. LATEIN GANZ LEICHTL ZITATE UND SPRICHWORTEN FUR DEN ALLTAG. Berlin: Heubner, 2008. ISBN: 3190079148.

Schelenz, Michael. SCHIMPFEN UND FLIRTEN AUF LATEIN. Frankfurt: Eichborn, 2009. ISBN: 3821856902.

Schiller, Friedrich von. SCHILLERS LIED AN DIE FREUDE. Berlin: Hitzig, 1809.

_____. SCHILLER’S ODE AN DIE FREUDE. Lucerne: Anich, 1810.

_____. SCHILLER’S ODE AN DIE FREUDE. Translated by Gottfried Guenther Roeller. Sorau: Ackermann, 1810.

_____. SCHILLER’S GLOCKE. Translated by Gottfried Guenther Roller. Leipzig: Franz, [1817].

_____. AMBULATIO. Translated by Johann Dominicus Fuss. Koln: Du Mont-Schauberg, 1820.

_____. F. SCHILLERI CAMPANA. Translated by Dan. Ph. Heine. 1st ed., Hamelin: Hahn, 1820; 2nd ed., Hannover: Helwing, 1826.

_____. SCHILLER’S LIED VON DER GLOCKE. Translated by Leonz Feuglistaller. 1st ed., Lucerne: Anich, 1821; 2nd ed., Aarau: Christen, 1860.

_____. SCHILLERS LIED VON DER GLOCKE UN SCHUBARTS ODE DE FURSTENGRUFT. Translated by J.B. Niethammer. Tubingen: Hopfer de l’Orme, 1822.

_____. SCHILLERI CARMINIS RENUNCIATO INSCRIPTI VERSIO LATINA. Translated by Ioannes Sigismund Strodtmann. Copenhagen: Schultz, 1823.

_____. CARMEN DE CAMPANA. Translated by Johann Dominicus Fuss. Luttich: Collardin, 1824.

_____. DAS LIED VON DER GLOCKE. Translated by L. Fuelistaller. Lucerne, 1824.

_____. TRIUMPH DER LIEBE. Translated by Carl Ferdinand Draxler. Koniggraz: Pospischi, 1826.

_____. WALLENSTEINS LAGER. Translated by Gustav Griesinger. Tubingen: Osiander, 1830.

_____. SCHILLER’S SAMMTLICHE GEDICHTE. Translated by Gustav Feuerlein. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1831.

_____. SCHILLER’S PUNSCH-, FREUDE- UND GLOCKENLIED. Translated by Franz Michael Schumm. Bamberg: Drausnick, 1832.

_____. SCHILLER’S LIED VON DER GLOCKE. Translated by J.B. Niethammer. Reutlingen: Fleischhauer & Sogn, 1838.

_____. SELECTA SCHILLERI CARMINA. Translated by Ph. H. Welcker. Gotha: Becker, 1840.

_____. SELECTA FREDERICI SCHILLER CARMINA. Translated by Wenceslawus Aloysius Swoboda. Prague, 1845.

_____. VERSUCH, SCHILLER’S LIED VON DER FLOCKE. Translated by Jos. Aug. Diehl. Luxemburg: Bruck, 1862.

_____. NONNULLA SCHILLERI POEMATA. Translated by Con. Guil. Lorentz. Alternburg: Hofdruckerei, 1863.

_____. SCHILLERI DE CAMPANA CARMEN. Translated by G.L.B. Diepenbroick-Gueter. 1st ed., Hamm: Grote (Mueller), 1865; 3rd ed., Berlin: Grote, 1872.

_____. DAS LIED VON DER GLOCKE. Translated by Johann Dominicus Fuss. 1st ed., Stuttgart, [1867]; 2nd ed., Warendorf: Schnell, 1895; 3rd ed., Hannover: Hahnsche, 1948.

_____. SCHILLER’S SPAZIERGANG. Translated by J.F.W. Herschel. London: Barrett, 1867.

_____. SCHILLERS LIED VON DER GLOCKE UND ODE AN DIE FEUDE. Translated by Leonz Feuglistaller. Lucerne, 1869.

_____. CARMINA QUAEDAM SCHILLERI. Translated by R. Zwirnmann. Kassel: Scheel, 1871.

_____. DER HANDSCHUH. Leipzig: Thiel, 1881.

_____. CAMPANA BILINGUIS. Translated by K.G. Quassnigk. Costlin: Hendess, 1891.

_____. SCHILLER’S SPAZIERGANG. Translated by Friedrich Schultess. Hamburg: Leutcke & Wulff, 1898.

_____. SCHILLERI SPONSAE MESSANENSIS ACTUS QUARTUS. Translated by Alfredus Fahlcrantz. Uppsala: Berling, 1897.

_____. SCHILLERI SPONSAE MESSANENSIS ACTUS TERTIUS. Translated by Alfredus Fahlcrantz. Uppsala: Berling, 1901.

_____. DIE SCHOENSTEN GEDICHTE. Translated by Johann Dominicus Fuss. Munster: Aschendorff, 1909.

_____. LIED VON DER GLOCKE UND ODE AN DIE FREUDE. Translated by Leonz Feuglistaller. Lucerne: Raber, 1909.

_____. SCHILLERS LIED VON DER GLOCKE. Translated by G.G. Roeller, D. Ph. Geine, L. Feuglistaller, J.D. Fuss, J.B. Niethammer, B.G. Fischer, W.A. Swoboda. Munster: Munster, 1926.

_____. SCHILLERI DE AMBULATIONE CARMEN. Translated by Guilhelmus Ehrenfried. Rottweil: Selbst, 1936.

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_____. FABULAE! Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008.

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_____. CANTEMUS LATINE!. Vienna: Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst, 1938.

_____. LEBENDIGES LATEIN. Bad Deurkheim: Beacon, 1950.

Schoen, Max and Reudiger Vischer. MYSTERIUM INIQUITATIS. Augsburg: Selbst, 1990.

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Sellner, Alfred. LATEIN IM ALLTAG: ALPHABETISCH GEORDNETES NACHSCHLAGEWERK VON LATEINISCHEN SENTENZEN, SPRICHWORTEN, PHRASEN, FLOSKELN, ZITATEN. Berlin: Vma, 2007. ISBN: 3928127110.

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Seyffert, Moritz Ludwig. ARETALOGUS SIVE EPIGRAMMATA ET SENTENTIAE NOSTRATIUM POETARUM. Brandenburg: Mueller, 1841.

_____. CARMINA LATINA. Leipzig: Holtze / London: Nutt / Amsterdam: Seyffardt / Paris: Glaeser / Brussels: Muquardt, 1857.

Shakespeare, William. GULIELMI SHAKSPERII JULIUS CAESAR. Translated by H. Denison. Oxford / London: J. H. & J. Parker, 1856.

_____. SERTUM SHAKSPERIANUM. Translated by H. Latham. London / Oxford: Macmillan, 1864.

_____. SHAKSPERI JULIUS CAESAR. Translated by T. J. Hilgers, Dessau, 1872.

______. GULIELMI SHAKESPEARE CARMINA, QUAE SONNETS NUNCUPANTUR. Translated by Aluredo Thoma Barton. London: Philip Lee Warner, 1913.

_____. GULIELMI SHAKESPEARE CARMINA, QUAE SONNETS NUNCUPANTUR. Translated by Ludwig Bernays. Dozwil: Signathur, 2006.

Sharpley, G.D.A. GET STARTED IN LATIN: TEACH YOURSELF. London: Teach Yourself, 2010. ISBN: 1444101633.

Siewert, Walter. CANTATE LATINE. Boppard am Rhein: Fidula, 1991.

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_____. PUER ZINGIBERI PANIS ET FABULAE ALTERAE. Translated by Brian John Smith, Seattle: CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN-10: 1449511023.

Vinas de San Luis, Tomas. VERSIONES LATINAS DE POESIAS HISPANAS. Barcelona: Calasancias, 1927.

Voss, Johann Heinrich. LOISA. IDYLLION TRIBUS ECOGIS ABSOLUTUM. Translated by Benjamin Gottlob Fischer. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1820.

Willelmi Tyrensis Achiepiscopi. HISTORIA RERUM IN PARTIBUS TRANSMARINIS GESTARUM: LIBRI I – XII. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN: 1449910718.

_____. HISTORIA RERUM IN PARTIBUS TRANSMARINIS GESTARUM: LIBRI XIII – XXIII. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN: 1449912826.

Walker, Mark. BRITTANICA LATINA: 2000 YEARS OF BRITISH LATIN. Charleston: History Press, 2009. ISBN: 075245160X.

Walker, Mark. ANNUS HORRIBILS: LATIN FOR EVERYDAY LIFE. Charleston: History Press, 2010. ISBN: 0752458981.

_____. ANNUS MIRABILIS: MORE LATIN FOR EVERYDAY LIFE. Charleston: History, 2009. ISBN: 0752448323.

Ward, Richard. CELEBRIA QUAEDAM ANGLORUM POEMATIA. London: 1860.

Wieland, Christoph Martin. HISTORIA AGATHONIS LIBER I. Translated by Nikolaus Gross. Weisenhorn: Leo Latinus. ISBN: 3938905142.

Wilkes, Angela and J. Shackell. LATIN FOR BEGINNERS. London: Urborne, 1993. ISBN: 0746016387.

Xenophon. HISTORIA APPOLLONII REGIS TYRI. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN: 1449563724.

________________________________________________________

C.J. Hinke is co-translator of The Classical Wizard / Magus Mirabilis in Oz, now out-of-print. Dr. Hinke would be very grateful if some kind ACL member might point him to an enthusiastic publisher to reprint! Dr. Hinke is also a longtime member of The International Wizard of Oz Club and has been translating and publishing the Oz series into Thai language since 1992. Dr. Hinke’s last articles for The Classical Outlook was “A Short Bibliography of Modern Children’s Books in Latin”, CO 83:4, pp 138-139, Summer 2006, and “Internet Resources for the Classics”, CO 86:2, pp 67-70, Winter 2009. Any additions or corrections to this checklist would be most welcome by the author. (cj@tu.ac.th). The author is indebted to Bernd Platzdasch whose excellent bibliography at Pantoia supplied some of the references above.

We have a powerful responsibility as classicists in the 21st century. The core values of the ancient world, our very foundations, have been fragmented by political correctness in the modern age.

We may see modern life more nuanced and the ancient world more defined, however, this is far from the truth.

As human beings, we are given choice and free will. All of us know right from wrong.

It’s up to us, as educators, to choose acceptance and tolerance of all points of view. A fully-informed citizenry cannot be shackled by censorship.

If we believe in the values of the ancient world, it is our duty to embrace freedom of expression regardless of the consequences.

We all have a small part to play in the creation of the new world, never bowing to injustice.

CJ Hinke

Member, Int’l Advisory Board, WikiLeaks

The Nation, Bangkok Thailand: January 18, 2011

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2011/01/18/national/Most-if-not-all-govts-have-been-lying-to-their-cit-30146603.html

]]> http://latin4everyone.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/latin4editorial-citizen-or-slave/feed/ 0 latin4everyone http://latin4everyone.wordpress.com/2010/11/09/where%e2%80%99s-the-corkscrew/ http://latin4everyone.wordpress.com/2010/11/09/where%e2%80%99s-the-corkscrew/#comments Tue, 09 Nov 2010 12:35:07 +0000 latin4everyone http://latin4everyone.wordpress.com/?p=61 ]]> 1,800-Year-Old Roman Multitool

• Charlie Sorrel
• Wired Magazine: November 8, 2010
• http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/11/2000-year-old-roman-multi-tool/

What have the Romans ever done for us? Well, it turns out that back somewhere between A.D 201 to 300, a clever Roman, probably named MacGyvericus, invented the multitool. And not just some weird, old-fashioned multitool, either. MacGyvericus’ tool is startlingly similar to the modern Swiss Army Knife, now part of the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England.

Like the common Swiss tool, the Roman version has a lot of foldaway implements stowed inside: a knife, spike, pick, fork and a spatula. Unlike the modern-day equivalent, the Roman Army Knife has a useful spoon on the end, making it likely that this iron and silver artifact, found in somewhere in the Mediterranean countries, was meant for eating with.

What it is is 100 percent awesome, and just makes me love the Romans even more. Sure, they invaded and occupied my home country and occupied it for years, but they brought with them central heating and civilization, two things that England lacked back then. When the Romans left, the country slipped back into dark times, where it became insular and xenophobic, and it remains so today. At least, though, the cold and rainy nation still has central heating and folding knives, although the latter is now used primarily by gangs of marauding teenagers as they roam the rainy twilight streets in search of old people to stab.

Roman Multi-Tool [Fitzwilliam Museum via Neatorama]

Photos: Fitzwilliam Museum